Create tests for Platform::Data::Exceptions and fix std::exception inheritance

[konard]

Summary

• Implemented comprehensive GTest-based tests for all Platform::Data::Exceptions classes
• Fixed exception inheritance to properly derive from STL exceptions (std::exception, std::invalid_argument)
• Added missing headers and proper constructor implementations
• Ensured all exceptions can be caught as std::exception base class

Changes Made

Exception Class Fixes

• ArgumentLinkDoesNotExistsException: Fixed constructors to properly call std::invalid_argument base class
• ArgumentLinkHasDependenciesException: Fixed constructors to properly call std::invalid_argument base class
• LinksLimitReachedExceptionBase: Implemented proper what() method override and message storage
• LinksLimitReachedException: Fixed constructor delegation to parent class
• LinkWithSameValueAlreadyExistsException: Implemented proper what() method override and message storage

Testing Infrastructure

• Created comprehensive GTest test suite in ExceptionsTests.cpp
• Tests cover inheritance verification, constructor functionality, exception throwing/catching
• Tests validate polymorphic behavior and STL exception compatibility
• Added fallback Platform::Converters implementation for standalone testing

Test Coverage

• ✅ All exceptions inherit from appropriate STL exception classes
• ✅ All exceptions can be thrown and caught as std::exception
• ✅ Template exceptions work with different address types
• ✅ Message formatting and what() methods work correctly
• ✅ Constructor parameter validation
• ✅ Polymorphic exception handling

Test Results

All tests pass successfully, confirming that:

1. Exception classes properly inherit from std::exception hierarchy
2. All exceptions can be caught as std::exception base class
3. Template specializations work correctly with different types
4. Message formatting and localization work as expected

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

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Resolves #83