[develop][cli] Use retry loop with curl as --retry-all-errors is not available for old curl versions

[himani2411]

Description of changes

Use retry loop with curl as --retry-all-errors is not available in curl v7.71+

• curl 7.71 is available in all OS except rhel8 and rocky8
• applying the same exponential backoff as with previous change where we wait at max (1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 + 256 = 511 seconds) of 8.51 minutes

Following the same logic as #7180

Without this change the failure is

curl --retry 9 --retry-all-errors -L -o /etc/chef/aws-parallelcluster-cookbook.tgz "$COOKBOOK_URL"
curl: option --retry-all-errors: is unknown
curl: try 'curl --help' or 'curl --manual' for more information

cd /etc/chef && tar -xzf /etc/chef/aws-parallelcluster-cookbook.tgz --strip-components 1 && rm -f aws-parallelcluster-cookbook.tgz

Tests

• BUILD IMAGE for rhel8/9 and rocky8/9

References

• Link to impacted open issues.
• Link to related PRs in other packages (i.e. cookbook, node).
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