[INLONG-12058][SDK] Support retry mechanism when "server error" occurs in dataproxy go sdk

[yfsn666]

Fixes #12058

Motivation

Support retrying requests when the DataProxy server returns a non‑zero error code, improving the stability of data reporting in the DataProxy Go SDK.

Modifications

Add a retry mechanism for requests when a server error occurs, and introduce related configuration options for initializing the SDK client.

Verifying this change

(Please pick either of the following options)

• This change is a trivial rework/code cleanup without any test coverage.

• This change is already covered by existing tests, such as:
  (please describe tests)

• This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

  (example:)

  • Added integration tests for end-to-end deployment with large payloads (10MB)
  • Extended integration test for recovery after broker failure

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (yes / no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)
• If a feature is not applicable for documentation, explain why?
• If a feature is not documented yet in this PR, please create a follow-up issue for adding the documentation