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Appendix/appendix.md

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+# Appendix A  
+
+
+# Python Standerd Libery
+
+
+Once you have python installed in your system you need a set of standard libraries to help build
+applications. On python these are present in the Lib/ folder of your python installation. These
+are written in python and act as the building base of applications.
+
+
+
+# Appendix B
+
+# Introduction to PyPy
+
+## Setting up PyPy
+
+## Download PyCharm :
+
+### [https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/#section=linux](https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/#section=linux)
+
+## Clone pypy:
+
+### $git clone [https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy](https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy)
+
+## Import pypy into PyCharm:
+![img](img/PyCharm.png)
+
+
+## What is PyPy ?
+
+#### PyPy is a [Python](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)) interpreter and [just-in-time compiler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation). PyPy focuses on speed, efficiency and compatibility with the original [CPython](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPython) interpreter.[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyPy#cite_note-mission-statement-1)
+#### PyPy started out being a Python interpreter written in the Python language itself. Current PyPy versions are translated from [RPython](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyPy#RPython) to [C code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) and compiled. The PyPy JIT compiler is capable of turning Python code into [machine code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code)at run time.
+### Code Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/interpreter/pycode.py. Let us examine the fields of the class.
+```
+self.co_argcount
+self.co_nlocals
+self.co_stacksize
+self.co_flags
+self.co_code
+self.co_consts_w
+self.co_names_w]
+self.co_varnames
+self.co_freevars
+self.co_cellvars
+self.co_filename
+self.co_name
+self.co_firstlineno
+self.co_lnotab
+
+# store the first globals object that the code object is run in in
+# here. if a frame is run in that globals object, it does not need to
+# store it at all
+
+self.w_globals
+self.hidden_applevel
+self.magic
+```
+It is very visibly similar to the PyCodeObject of Cpython.
+### Function Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/interpreter/function.py. Let us examine the fields of the class.
+```
+self.name
+self.w_doc
+self.code
+self.w_func_globals
+self.closure
+self.defs_w
+self.w_func_dict
+self.w_module
+```
+It is very similar to the function object defined as a C structure in CPython.
+### Frame Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/interpreter/pyframe.py
+
+###### frame_finished_execution
+###### last_instr = -1
+###### last_exception = None
+###### f_backref =  jit.vref_None
+###### escaped = False # see mark_as_escaped()
+###### debugdata = None
+###### pycode = None # code object executed by that frame
+###### pycode = None # code object executed by that frame
+###### locals_cells_stack_w = None # the list of all locals, cells and the valuestack
+###### valuestackdepth = 0 # number of items on valuestack
+###### lastblock = None
+#### Generator Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/interpreter/generator.py.
+```
+self.space
+self.frame
+self.pycode
+Self.running
+```
+It is strikingly similar to the generator object of Cpython.
+### Integer Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/objspace/std/intobject.py on line number 311.
+### Complex Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/objspace/std/complexobject.py on line number 186.
+### Float Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/objspace/std/floatobject.py on line number 139.
+### Dictionary Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/objspace/std/dictmultiobject.py on line number 360.
+### List Object:
+It is defined in the file pypy/objspace/std/listobject.py on line number 168.
+### Interpreter Loop:
+The interpreter loop of pypy is located in the file pypy/interpreter/pyopcode.py on line number 145 which is the function dispatch_bytecode. It is very similar to the PyEvalFrameEx function which is the interpreter loop of Cpython.
+
+
+#### Parsing ([US/ˈpɑːrsɪŋ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English) ; [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English)[/ˈpɑːrzɪŋ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English) or syntactic analysis is the process of analysing a [string](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)) of  [symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming)), either in [natural language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language) or in [computer languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_languages), conforming to the rules of a [formal grammar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar).
+
+#### A parser is a software component that takes input data (frequently text) and builds a [data structure] – often some kind of [parse tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure), [abstract syntax tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree) or [other hierarchical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree) – giving a structural representation of the input, checking for correct syntax in the process. The parsing may be preceded or followed by other steps, or these may be combined into a single step.
+
+#### AST
+
+#### In [computer science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science), an abstract syntax tree (AST), or just syntax tree, is a [tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_tree) representation of the [abstract syntactic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax) structure of [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) written in a [programming language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language). Each node of the tree denotes a construct occurring in the source code. The syntax is "abstract" in not representing every detail appearing in the real syntax.