@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ General Introduction to Steam Locomotives
842842'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
843843
844844Principles of Train Movement
845- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
845+ ............................
846846
847847Key Points to Remember:
848848
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ Key Points to Remember:
860860- Low Factors of Adhesion will cause the locomotive's driving wheels to slip.
861861
862862Forces Impacting Train Movement
863- """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
863+ ...............................
864864
865865The steam locomotive is a heat engine which converts *heat * energy generated
866866through the burning of fuel, such as coal, into heat and ultimately steam.
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ The sections below describe in more detail the forces of tractive effort
885885and train resistance.
886886
887887Train Resistance
888- """"""""""""""""
888+ ................
889889
890890The movement of the train is opposed by a number of different forces which
891891are collectively grouped together to form the *train resistance *.
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ straight level track):
905905 a train is travelling through a tunnel.
906906
907907Tractive Effort
908- """""""""""""""
908+ ...............
909909
910910Tractive Effort is created by the action of the steam against the pistons,
911911which, through the media of rods, crossheads, etc., cause the wheels to
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ Where:
927927- D = diameter of drive wheels (in)
928928
929929Theoretical Tractive Effort
930- """""""""""""""""""""""""""
930+ ...........................
931931
932932To allow the comparison of different locomotives, as well as determining
933933their relative pulling ability, a theoretical approximate value of
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ Where:
946946 companies.
947947
948948Factor of Adhesion
949- """"""""""""""""""
949+ ..................
950950
951951The factor of adhesion describes the likelihood of the locomotive slipping
952952when force is applied to the wheels and rails, and is the ratio of the
@@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ steam locomotives. Values below this range will typically result in
966966slippage on the rail.
967967
968968Indicated HorsePower (IHP)
969- """"""""""""""""""""""""""
969+ ..........................
970970
971971Indicated Horsepower is the theoretical power produced by a steam
972972locomotive. The generally accepted formula for Indicated Horsepower is::
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ by the cylinders.
994994 :scale: 80%
995995
996996Hauling Capacity of Locomotives
997- """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
997+ ...............................
998998
999999Thus it can be seen that the hauling capacity is determined by the
10001000summation of the tractive effort and the train resistance.
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ in this section. The permissible load would vary depending upon the
10211021direction of travel of the train.
10221022
10231023Elements of Steam Locomotive Operation
1024- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
1024+ ......................................
10251025
10261026A steam locomotive is a very complex piece of machinery that has many
10271027component parts, each of which will influence the performance of the
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ components:
10461046- Cylinder (Work done)
10471047
10481048Boiler and Fire (Heat conversion)
1049- """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
1049+ .................................
10501050
10511051The amount of work that a locomotive can do will be determined by the
10521052amount of steam that can be produced (evaporated) by the boiler.
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ the Boiler Evaporation Area.
10751075 tended to be more efficient then a saturated locomotive.
10761076
10771077Cylinder (Work done)
1078- """"""""""""""""""""
1078+ ....................
10791079
10801080To drive the locomotive forward, steam was injected into the cylinder
10811081which pushed the piston backwards and forwards, and this in turn rotated
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ typically combined to place limits on the power of a locomotive depending
10911091upon the design factors used.
10921092
10931093Locomotive Types
1094- """"""""""""""""
1094+ ................
10951095
10961096During the course of their development, many different types of
10971097locomotives were developed, some of the more common categories are as
@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ follows:
11101110 operation of the locomotive.
11111111
11121112Superheated Locomotives
1113- """""""""""""""""""""""
1113+ .......................
11141114
11151115In the early 1900s, superheaters were fitted to some locomotives. As the
11161116name was implied a superheater was designed to raise the steam temperature
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ Superheating was achieved by installing a superheater element that
11251125effectively increased the heating area of the locomotive.
11261126
11271127Geared Locomotives
1128- """"""""""""""""""
1128+ ..................
11291129
11301130In industrial type railways, such as those used in the logging industry,
11311131spurs to coal mines were often built to very cheap standards. As a
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ Summary of Driving Tips
11801180.. _physics-steam-firing :
11811181
11821182Open Rails Steam Functionality (Fireman)
1183- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
1183+ ........................................
11841184
11851185The Open Rails Steam locomotive functionality provides two operational
11861186options:
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ Use the keys ``<Crtl+F>`` to switch between Manual and Automatic firing
12051205modes.
12061206
12071207Hot or Cold Start
1208- """""""""""""""""
1208+ .................
12091209
12101210The locomotive can be started either in a hot or cold mode. Hot mode
12111211simulates a locomotive which has a full head of steam and is ready for duty.
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ This function can be selected through the Open Rails options menu on the
12181218:ref: `Simulation <options-simulation >` tab.
12191219
12201220Main Steam Locomotive Controls
1221- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
1221+ ..............................
12221222
12231223This section will describe the control and management of the steam
12241224locomotive based upon the assumption that the Automatic fireman is
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ this mode of operation:
12401240 (Open Rails Keys: ``<'> `` = increase, ``<;> `` = decrease)
12411241
12421242Recommended Option Settings
1243- """""""""""""""""""""""""""
1243+ ...........................
12441244
12451245For added realism of the performance of the steam locomotive, it is
12461246suggested that the following settings be considered for selection in the
@@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ NB: Refer to the relevant sections of the manual for more detailed
12561256description of these functions.
12571257
12581258Locomotive Starting
1259- """""""""""""""""""
1259+ ...................
12601260
12611261Open the cylinder cocks. They are to remain open until the engine has
12621262traversed a distance of about an average train length, consistent with
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ all along the train to be gradually extended, and therefore reduce the
12791279risk of coupler breakages.
12801280
12811281Locomotive Running
1282- """"""""""""""""""
1282+ ..................
12831283
12841284Theoretically, when running, the regulator should always be fully open and
12851285the speed of the locomotive controlled, as desired, by the reverser. For
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ If theses controls are not used, then the AI fireman operates in the same
13591359fashion as previously.
13601360
13611361Steam Boiler Heat Radiation Loss
1362- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
1362+ ................................
13631363
13641364A certain amount of heat is lost from the boiler of a steam locomotive. An
13651365uninsulated boiler could lose a lot of heat and this impacts on the
@@ -1387,7 +1387,7 @@ following settings.
13871387- ``ORTSHeatCoefficientInsulation `` - Thermal conduction coefficient. Default UoM - (BTU / (ft\ :sup: `2` / hr.) / (1 (in. / F))
13881388
13891389Steam Boiler Blowdown
1390- """""""""""""""""""""
1390+ .....................
13911391Over time as steam is evaporated from the boiler a concentration of impurities
13921392will build up in the boiler. The boiler blowdown valve was used to remove these
13931393sediments from the boiler which could impact its efficiency. Depending upon the
@@ -1403,7 +1403,7 @@ Alternatively a cab control can be set up by using the ``<ORTS_BLOWDOWN_VALVE (
14031403A special steam effect can also be added. See the section on steam effects.
14041404
14051405Steam Locomotive Carriage Steam Heat Modelling
1406- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
1406+ ..............................................
14071407
14081408Overview
14091409........
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