update npm installers for 0.19.0

Co-authored-by: Richard Feldman <richard.t.feldman@gmail.com>

Author: BrianHicks

installers/npm/PUBLISHING.md

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+# Publishing a new release
+
+A new version of Elm came out. Huzzah! Here's how to update the `npm` installer.
+
+## 1. Create tarballs of binaries
+
+You can find a list of what binaries we'll need to tar up in `index.js`.
+
+For example:
+
+```javascript
+var root = "https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-platform/releases/download/" + binVersion + "-exp/elm-platform";
+
+module.exports = binwrap({
+  binaries: ["elm", "elm-make", "elm-repl", "elm-reactor", "elm-package"],
+  urls: {
+    "darwin-x64": root + "-macos.tar.gz",
+    "win32-x64": root + "-windows.tar.gz",
+    "win32-ia32": root + "-windows.tar.gz",
+    "linux-x64": root + "-linux-64bit.tar.gz"
+  }
+});
+```
+
+If this is the end of your `index.js`, you'll need to create these files:
+
+1. `elm-platform-macos.tar.gz`
+2. `elm-platform-windows.tar.gz`
+3. `elm-platform-linux-64bit.tar.gz`
+
+Each of these tarballs should have **only binaries** inside them - no directories!
+
+So create them by making a directory, putting all the binaries in it, `cd`-ing
+into that directory, and then running something like this:
+
+```shell
+$ tar cvzf elm-platform-linux-64bit.tar.gz *
+```
+
+Make sure each tarball contains all the binaries listed in that `binaries:` list
+in `index.js`. (The Windows ones should have `.exe` at the end; `binwrap`
+expects that they will, for Windows only.)
+
+## 2. Update the `bin/` binary wrappers
+
+Inside the npm installer's `bin/` directory, there should be a file for each of
+the binaries that will be included in this release.
+
+Each of these must be executable! If you're not sure whether they are,
+run `chmod +x` on them just to be sure.
+
+Their paths must also must all be listed in `package.json` in two places:
+
+1. The `"files":` field
+2. The `"bin":` field
+
+If the executables are the same as they were for the last release, great!
+You can proceed to the next step. If any binaries were removed, make sure to
+remove them from these lists!
+
+## 3. Update `package.json` for a beta release
+
+In `package.json`, bump the version to the next applicable release, and add
+a `"-beta"` suffix to it.
+
+For example, if it was on `"0.18.0"` you might bump it to `"0.19.0-beta"`.
+The version number should match the release of Elm, such that if people do
+`npm install elm@0.19.0@beta` they get what they would expect.
+
+## 4. Tag the beta release
+
+Commit this change and tag it with the name of the release **without** the
+`-beta` suffix. (We will overwrite this tag later.)
+
+For example:
+
+```shell
+$ git tag 0.19.0
+$ git push origin 0.19.0
+```
+
+Now this tag should exist on GitHub, allowing us to upload binaries to it.
+
+## 5. Upload binaries
+
+Visit the [Create a New Release](https://github.com/elm-lang/elm-platform/releases/new)
+page and use the `Tag version` dropdown to select the tag you just pushed. Give
+it a title like `0.19.0`. Don't mention the `-beta` in it. The "beta" concept
+is for `npm` only.
+
+Upload the tarballs you created in step 1.
+
+## 6. Publish beta release
+
+Run this to publish the beta release. The `--tag beta` is **crucial** here.
+Without it, `npm` will by default publish a new top-level release, which would
+mean that what you just published would become what everyone gets when they
+`npm install -g elm` without any additional qualifiers.
+
+```shell
+$ npm publish --tag beta
+```
+
+Afterwards you should be able to do `npm info elm | less` and see something
+like this in the JSON:
+
+```
+'dist-tags': { latest: '0.18.0', beta: '0.19.0-beta' }
+```
+
+If you messed this up, and the `latest` tag now points to the beta you just
+published, don't panic - it's fixable! `dist-tags` can always be modified after
+the fact. Read up on `npm` [dist-tags](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/dist-tag)
+to learn how to fix things.
+
+## 7. Verify beta installer
+
+Make an empty directory and run `npm init` inside it.
+
+Then run this:
+
+```shell
+$ npm install elm@beta --ignore-scripts
+```
+
+This should succeed with an exit code of `0`.
+If it did, look in `node_modules/.bin/` for the binaries you expect.
+They should be present, and they should also work as expected when you run them.
+Because you installed them with `--ignore-scripts`, the first thing they should
+do is to download themselves and then execute whatever command you requested
+(e.g. `node_modules/.bin/elm make Main.elm`). If you run the same command a
+second time, it should run faster because it doesn't have to download the binary
+first.
+
+Now try it again with `--ignore-scripts` turned off:
+
+```shell
+$ rm -r node_modules
+$ npm install elm@beta --ignore-scripts=false
+```
+
+This time it should download the binaries during the installation phase. Once
+again you should be able to run the binaries from `node_modules/.bin/`, and
+this time they should be fast from the first run because they're already
+downloaded.
+
+## 8. Publish for real
+
+It's a good idea to ask others to try out the beta installer before doing this!
+Especially on multiple operating systems.
+
+To publish the real version:
+
+1. Edit `package.json` to remove the `-beta` suffix from the version.
+2. Commit that change and push it.
+3. Use `git tag --force` to overwrite the previous tag (e.g. `0.19.0` - whatever you used before).
+4. Force push the tag, e.g. `git push origin 0.19.0 --force-with-lease`.
+5. `npm publish`
+
+You're done! Now whenever anyone does `npm install -g elm` they'll get the
+version you just uploaded.
+
+The reason we only used the `-beta` suffix for `npm` was so that when we ran
+tests on the beta version, it was all against the same (non-beta) URLs we'd end
+up using for the real version. This means there's no opportunity for us to
+introduce some sort of mismatch between the beta that we verified and the real
+version.

installers/npm/UPLOADING.md

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+#!/usr/bin/env node
+
+// This file exists for the benefit of npm users who have --ignore-scripts
+// enabled. (Enabling this flag globally is a good security measure.)
+// Since they won't run the post-install hook, the binaries won't be downloaded
+// and installed.
+//
+// Since this file is included in "bin" in package.json, npm will install
+// it automatically in a place that should be on the PATH. All the file does
+// is to download the appropriate binary (just like the post-install hook would
+// have), replace this file with that binary, and run the binary.
+//
+// In this way, the first time a user with --ignore-scripts enabled runs this
+// binary, it will download and install itself, and then run as normal. From
+// then on, it will run as normal without re-downloading.
+
+var install = require("..").install;
+var spawn = require("child_process").spawn;
+var path = require("path");
+var fs = require("fs");
+
+// Make sure we get the right path even if we're executing from the symlinked
+// node_modules/.bin/ executable
+var targetPath = fs.realpathSync(process.argv[1]);
+
+// cd into the directory above bin/ so install() puts bin/ in the right place.
+process.chdir(path.join(path.dirname(targetPath), ".."));
+
+install(process.platform, process.arch).then(function() {
+  spawn(targetPath, process.argv.slice(2), {
+    stdio: "inherit"
+  }).on("exit", process.exit);
+});

installers/npm/bin/elm

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+var binwrap = require("binwrap");
+var path = require("path");
+
+var packageInfo = require(path.join(__dirname, "package.json"));
+// Use major.minor.patch from version string - e.g. "1.2.3" from "1.2.3-alpha"
+var binVersion = packageInfo.version.replace(/^(\d+\.\d+\.\d+).*$/, "$1");
+
+var root =
+  "https://github.com/elm/compiler/releases/download/" +
+  binVersion +
+  "/binaries-for-";
+
+module.exports = binwrap({
+  binaries: ["elm"],
+  urls: {
+    "darwin-x64": root + "mac.tar.gz",
+    "win32-x64": root + "windows.tar.gz",
+    "win32-ia32": root + "windows.tar.gz",
+    "linux-x64": root + "linux.tar.gz"
+  }
+});