diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index 9335eba..126c994 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Type: Package
 Package: vsp
 Title: Vintage Sparse PCA for Semi-Parametric Factor Analysis
-Version: 0.1.1.9000
+Version: 0.1.1.9001
 Authors@R: c(
     person("Karl", "Rohe", , "karlrohe@stat.wisc.edu", role = "aut"),
     person("Muzhe", "Zeng", , "mzeng6@wisc.edu", role = "aut"),
@@ -51,4 +51,13 @@ Config/testthat/edition: 3
 Encoding: UTF-8
 LazyData: true
 Roxygen: list(markdown = TRUE)
-RoxygenNote: 7.2.1.9000
+RoxygenNote: 7.2.3
+Collate: 
+    'accessors.R'
+    'bff.R'
+    'utils.R'
+    'localization.R'
+    'object.R'
+    'plots.R'
+    'vsp-package.R'
+    'vsp.R'
diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index 401e257..aaafa73 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -14,12 +14,18 @@ export(bind_svd_u)
 export(bind_svd_v)
 export(bind_varimax_y)
 export(bind_varimax_z)
+export(cumulative_participation)
 export(get_svd_u)
 export(get_svd_v)
 export(get_varimax_y)
 export(get_varimax_z)
 export(get_y_hubs)
 export(get_z_hubs)
+export(ipr)
+export(iprs)
+export(localization_statistics)
+export(plot_cumulative_curves)
+export(plot_ipr_curves)
 export(plot_ipr_pairs)
 export(plot_mixing_matrix)
 export(plot_svd_u)
diff --git a/R/localization.R b/R/localization.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b930d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/localization.R
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+#' Title
+#'
+#' @param U
+#'
+#' @return
+#' @export
+#'
+cumulative_participation <- function(U) {
+  sum(rowSums(U^2)^2)
+}
+
+#' Title
+#'
+#' @param x
+#'
+#' @return
+#' @export
+#'
+ipr <- function(x) {
+  sum(x^4)
+}
+
+#' Title
+#'
+#' @param s
+#'
+#' @return
+#' @export
+#'
+iprs <- function(s) {
+  tibble(
+    ipr_u = apply(s$u, 2, ipr),
+    ipr_v = apply(s$v, 2, ipr),
+    i = 1:ncol(s$u)
+  )
+}
+
+#' Title
+#'
+#' @param graph
+#' @param max_rank
+#' @param ...
+#' @param tau_min
+#' @param tau_max
+#' @param num_tau
+#'
+#' @return
+#' @export
+#' @include utils.R
+#'
+#' @examples
+#'
+#' library(igraphdata)
+#' library(furrr)
+#'
+#' data(karate, package = "igraphdata")
+#'
+#' plan(multicore, workers = 10)
+#'
+#' # karate is undirected, enron is directed
+#'
+#' stats <- localization_statistics(karate, max_rank = 15, num_tau = 200)
+#'
+#' plot_cumulative_curves(stats)
+#' plot_ipr_curves(stats)
+#'
+localization_statistics <- function(graph, max_rank, ..., tau_min = 10^-2, tau_max = 10^4, num_tau = 50) {
+
+  stop_if_not_installed("invertiforms")
+  stop_if_not_installed("furrr")
+
+  A <- as_csparse(graph, ...)
+
+  avg_row_sum <- mean(rowSums(A)) # U / left
+  avg_col_sum <- mean(colSums(A)) # V / right
+
+  tau <- 10^seq(-2, 4, length.out = num_tau)
+
+  laplacians <- dplyr::tibble(tau = tau) %>%
+    dplyr::mutate(
+      scaler = furrr::future_map(tau, ~ invertiforms::RegularizedLaplacian(A, .x, .x)),
+      L_tau = furrr::future_map(scaler, ~ invertiforms::transform(.x, A))
+    )
+
+  localization <- laplacians %>%
+    dplyr::mutate(
+      s = furrr::future_map(L_tau, RSpectra::svds, max_rank, .options = furrr::furrr_options(seed = TRUE)),
+      ipr = furrr::future_map(s, iprs),
+      cum_u = furrr::future_map_dbl(s, ~ cumulative_participation(.x$u)),
+      cum_v = furrr::future_map_dbl(s, ~ cumulative_participation(.x$v))
+    ) |>
+    # dplyr::select(tau, ipr, cum_u, cum_v) |>
+    tidyr::unnest(ipr)
+
+  localization <- list(
+    stats = localization,
+    avg_row_sum = avg_row_sum,
+    avg_col_sum = avg_col_sum
+  )
+
+  class(localization) <- c("localization_stats")
+
+  localization
+}
+
+#' Title
+#'
+#' @param stats
+#'
+#' @return
+#' @export
+#'
+#' @examples
+plot_cumulative_curves <- function(localization) {
+  localization$stats %>%
+    tidyr::pivot_longer(contains("cum")) %>%
+    dplyr::mutate(
+      name = dplyr::if_else(name == "cum_u", "U (left)", "V (right)")
+    ) |>
+    ggplot() +
+    aes(x = tau, y = value, color = name) +
+    geom_line() +
+    scale_x_log10(
+      breaks = scales::trans_breaks("log10", function(x) 10^x),
+      labels = scales::trans_format("log10", scales::math_format(10^.x))
+    ) +
+    labs(
+      y = "Cumulative participation",
+      x = "Regularization parameter (tau)",
+      color = "Singular vectors"
+    )
+}
+
+#' Title
+#'
+#' @param stats
+#' @param indices
+#'
+#' @return
+#' @export
+#'
+#' @examples
+plot_ipr_curves <- function(localization, indices = NULL) {
+
+  if (is.null(indices)) {
+    max_index <- min(max(localization$stats$i), 10)
+    indices <- 1:max_index
+  }
+
+  localization$stats %>%
+    dplyr::filter(i %in% indices) |>
+    tidyr::pivot_longer(contains("ipr")) %>%
+    dplyr::mutate(
+      name = dplyr::if_else(name == "ipr_u", "U (left)", "V (right)")
+    ) |>
+    ggplot() +
+    aes(x = tau, y = value, color = name) +
+    geom_line() +
+    scale_x_log10(
+      breaks = scales::trans_breaks("log10", function(x) 10^x),
+      labels = scales::trans_format("log10", scales::math_format(10^.x))
+    ) +
+    labs(
+      y = "Inverse participation ratio",
+      x = "Regularization parameter (tau)",
+      color = "Singular vectors"
+    ) +
+    facet_grid(rows = vars(i))
+}
+
+
diff --git a/R/plots.R b/R/plots.R
index a87cb7d..f83366d 100644
--- a/R/plots.R
+++ b/R/plots.R
@@ -154,8 +154,6 @@ plot_mixing_matrix <- function(fa) {
 #' @export
 plot_ipr_pairs <- function(fa) {
 
-  ipr <- function(x) sum(x^4)
-
   ipr_u <- apply(fa$u, 2, ipr)
   ipr_v <- apply(fa$v, 2, ipr)
 
diff --git a/R/utils.R b/R/utils.R
index e26a9a1..7f27e82 100644
--- a/R/utils.R
+++ b/R/utils.R
@@ -10,6 +10,26 @@
 #' @usage lhs \%>\% rhs
 NULL
 
+
+as_csparse <- function(graph, ...) {
+  UseMethod("as_csparse")
+}
+
+as_csparse.Matrix <- function(graph, ...) {
+  methods::as(graph, "CsparseMatrix")
+}
+
+as_csparse.igraph <- function(graph, ..., edge_weights = NULL) {
+
+  if (igraph::is.bipartite(graph)) {
+    A <- igraph::as_incidence_matrix(graph, sparse = TRUE, attr = edge_weights)
+  } else {
+    A <- igraph::as_adjacency_matrix(graph, sparse = TRUE, attr = edge_weights)
+  }
+
+  methods::as(A, "CsparseMatrix")
+}
+
 left_padded_sequence <- function(x) {
 
   original <- withr::with_options(
diff --git a/man/cumulative_participation.Rd b/man/cumulative_participation.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbbcc35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cumulative_participation.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/localization.R
+\name{cumulative_participation}
+\alias{cumulative_participation}
+\title{Title}
+\usage{
+cumulative_participation(U)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{U}{}
+}
+\description{
+Title
+}
diff --git a/man/ipr.Rd b/man/ipr.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2dde7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ipr.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/localization.R
+\name{ipr}
+\alias{ipr}
+\title{Title}
+\usage{
+ipr(x)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{x}{}
+}
+\description{
+Title
+}
diff --git a/man/iprs.Rd b/man/iprs.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a6a88f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/iprs.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/localization.R
+\name{iprs}
+\alias{iprs}
+\title{Title}
+\usage{
+iprs(s)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{s}{}
+}
+\description{
+Title
+}
diff --git a/man/localization_statistics.Rd b/man/localization_statistics.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4eb53e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/localization_statistics.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/localization.R
+\name{localization_statistics}
+\alias{localization_statistics}
+\title{Title}
+\usage{
+localization_statistics(
+  graph,
+  max_rank,
+  ...,
+  tau_min = 10^-2,
+  tau_max = 10^4,
+  num_tau = 50
+)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{num_tau}{}
+}
+\description{
+Title
+}
+\examples{
+
+library(igraphdata)
+library(furrr)
+
+data(karate, package = "igraphdata")
+
+plan(multicore, workers = 10)
+
+# karate is undirected, enron is directed
+
+stats <- localization_statistics(karate, max_rank = 15, num_tau = 200)
+
+plot_cumulative_curves(stats)
+plot_ipr_curves(stats)
+
+}
diff --git a/man/plot_cumulative_curves.Rd b/man/plot_cumulative_curves.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32f754e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/plot_cumulative_curves.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/localization.R
+\name{plot_cumulative_curves}
+\alias{plot_cumulative_curves}
+\title{Title}
+\usage{
+plot_cumulative_curves(localization)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{stats}{}
+}
+\description{
+Title
+}
diff --git a/man/plot_ipr_curves.Rd b/man/plot_ipr_curves.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db10606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/plot_ipr_curves.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/localization.R
+\name{plot_ipr_curves}
+\alias{plot_ipr_curves}
+\title{Title}
+\usage{
+plot_ipr_curves(localization, indices = NULL)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{indices}{}
+}
+\description{
+Title
+}