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+# ==========================
+# Python Built-in Data Types
+# ==========================
+
+# There are 8 main categories and 15 built-in data types in Python.
+# Below is the full list with explanations and examples.
+
+# 1. Numeric Types (3 types)
+# ---------------------------
+
+# int: Whole numbers, positive or negative
+age = 25
+year = -1990
+
+# float: Decimal (floating-point) numbers
+pi = 3.14159
+temperature = -5.6
+
+# complex: Numbers with real and imaginary parts
+z = 2 + 3j
+another_complex = complex(4, -2)
+
+
+# 2. Text Type (1 type)
+# ---------------------
+
+# str: A sequence of Unicode characters (text)
+language = "Python"
+greeting = 'Hello, Habil!'
+
+
+# 3. Boolean Type (1 type)
+# ------------------------
+
+# bool: Logical value, either True or False
+is_online = True
+has_permission = False
+
+
+# 4. Sequence Types (3 types)
+# ---------------------------
+
+# list: Ordered, changeable, allows duplicates
+fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
+
+# tuple: Ordered, unchangeable (immutable), allows duplicates
+colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
+
+# range: Sequence of numbers, often used for loops
+numbers = range(0, 5)  # Represents 0 to 4
+
+
+# 5. Set Types (2 types)
+# ----------------------
+
+# set: Unordered, unindexed, no duplicates
+unique_ids = {1, 2, 3, 3}  # → {1, 2, 3}
+
+# frozenset: Immutable version of a set
+frozen_ids = frozenset(["a", "b", "c"])
+
+
+# 6. Mapping Type (1 type)
+# ------------------------
+
+# dict: Key-value pairs, very flexible
+person = {
+    "name": "Alice",
+    "age": 30,
+    "city": "New York"
+}
+
+
+# 7. Binary Types (3 types)
+# -------------------------
+
+# bytes: Immutable sequence of bytes
+b = b"hello"
+
+# bytearray: Mutable sequence of bytes
+ba = bytearray(5)  # bytearray of 5 zero bytes
+
+# memoryview: A view object of binary data
+mv = memoryview(b)
+
+
+# 8. None Type (1 type)
+# ---------------------
+
+# NoneType: Represents a null value or no value
+x = None
+
+
+# ✅ Global Scope: Accessible everywhere (outside functions)
+# ✅ Local Scope: Only inside the function where it's defined
+# ✅ Enclosing Scope: From outer function, visible to inner functions (closure)
+# ✅ Built-in Scope: Python's built-in names like len(), print(), range(), etc.
+
+# ------------------------------------------
+# 🔍 What is Variable Scope?
+# Scope means the area in the code where a variable is accessible.
+# ------------------------------------------
+
+# 🟡 Global Scope: Variable defined outside any function
+x = "I'm global"
+
+def outer_function():
+    # 🔵 Enclosing Scope: Outer function's variable (seen by inner function)
+    y = "I'm in outer function"
+
+    def inner_function():
+        # 🔴 Local Scope: Only exists inside this inner function
+        z = "I'm local to inner function"
+
+        # Accessing all three variables
+        print(x)  # Access global variable
+        print(y)  # Access enclosing variable
+        print(z)  # Access local variable
+
+    inner_function()
+
+    # print(z)  # ❌ This will cause an error (z is local to inner_function)
+
+outer_function()
+
+# print(y)  # ❌ This will also cause an error (y is local to outer_function)
+
+# ⚪ Built-in Scope: Functions that are always available in Python
+print(len("scope"))  # 'len' is a built-in function